Fungal nail infection: symptoms, causes, and treatment
About the Symptom
Fungal nail infection, or onychomycosis, is a common condition that can affect both fingernails and toenails. The main symptoms of the disease include changes in nail color, which can acquire a yellowish or brownish tint, as well as thickening and crumbling of the nail plate. As the infection progresses, the nail may begin to detach from the nail bed, leading to discomfort and even pain. It is important to note that fungal infection can occur not only due to fungal exposure but also due to other factors, such as nail trauma or metabolic disorders.
In addition to changes in the appearance of the nails, fungal infection is sometimes accompanied by itching and discomfort in the area of the affected nail. In some cases, inflammation may spread to adjacent tissues, causing redness and swelling. This symptom can significantly impair the patient’s quality of life, as it often leads to awkwardness when wearing open footwear or engaging in sports. At the first signs of fungal nail infection, it is important not to delay a visit to the doctor to prevent further spread of the infection and to initiate treatment quickly.
Diseases
Fungal nail infection, known as onychomycosis, can be caused by various pathogenic fungi. These infectious diseases can lead to serious aesthetic and physical problems, affecting the quality of life of patients. Onychomycosis can manifest on both the fingers and toes, most commonly affecting the nails of the big toes. There are several forms of onychomycosis, including distal subungual onychomycosis, proximal subungual onychomycosis, and white superficial onychomycosis, each contributing to different symptoms and treatment approaches.
Each of these diseases may have its own characteristics and manifestations. For example, the distal form typically begins at the edge of the nail and leads to darkening and thickening, while the proximal form starts at the cuticle and affects the base of the nail plate. White superficial onychomycosis often causes white spots on the surface of the nail. Misdiagnosis or advanced conditions can lead to further spread of the infection and complications, so it is important to consult a specialist at the first signs of fungal infection.
- Distal subungual onychomycosis
- Proximal subungual onychomycosis
- White superficial onychomycosis
- Candidiasis of the nails
- Onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes
Diagnosis
In order to establish an accurate diagnosis of fungal nail infection, thorough diagnostics are necessary. The primary task of the doctor is to determine the type of fungus and to assess the degree of infection. In the first stage, the patient usually undergoes a visual examination of the nails and periungual tissues. This examination can reveal characteristic signs such as discoloration, thickening, or brittleness of the nails.
Additionally, laboratory studies are conducted for the precise identification of the type of fungal infection. The doctor may recommend scraping from the affected surface of the nail and send it for microscopic examination. This allows not only to confirm the presence of fungus but also to determine its type. In some cases, a culture analysis may be required to establish how the fungus reacts to specific medications. Such an approach helps in subsequently prescribing the most effective treatment.
- Visual examination of the nails and periungual tissues;
- Microscopic examination of the nail scraping;
- Cultural analysis for fungus identification;
- Testing the fungus’s sensitivity to antifungal medications;
- Complete blood count to rule out concomitant diseases;
Which doctor to consult
If you suspect a fungal infection of the nails, it is very important not to delay and to consult a specialist. The first doctor to approach is a dermatologist. Dermatologists possess the necessary knowledge and experience to diagnose and treat fungal infections, as they specialize in diseases of the skin, hair, and nails. They can conduct an examination, prescribe the necessary tests, and determine the extent of the infection. Given the possible complications, it is advisable to act quickly and not to self-medicate.
If the fungus has spread to more extensive areas or additional symptoms have appeared, a consultation with an infectious disease specialist or mycologist may be required. Infectious disease specialists deal with infectious diseases, including fungal infections, while mycologists are specialists who focus exclusively on fungi. They know how to diagnose complicated cases and prescribe adequate treatment for a specific type of fungus.
- Dermatologist
- Infectious disease specialist
- Mycologist
- Therapist (for general examination and referral to narrow specialists)
- Pedicurist (in some cases may help with the cosmetic aspect of the nails)
Types of fungal nail infections
Fungal nail infection, also known as onychomycosis, can manifest in various forms and types, which differ in their causes and progression. The most common types of fungal nail infections include dermatophyte infections, candidiasis, and mold fungi. Each of these forms requires a special approach to diagnosis and treatment, underscoring the importance of qualified medical assistance.
Dermatophyte infections are the most common and are caused by fungi such as Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. They often lead to nail discoloration, thickening, and destruction. Candidiasis, on the other hand, is caused by yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida and is more commonly found on the feet, causing skin redness and itching. Mold fungi, such as Aspergillus, can also cause fungal infections, but are encountered less frequently and may be more resistant to therapeutic effects.
- Dermatophyte infections
- Candidiasis
- Mold infections
Causes of Nail Fungal Infection
Nail fungal infection, or onychomycosis, can develop for a number of reasons that make the nail plate vulnerable to infection. One of the main factors is a disruption in the physiological state of the body, which can be caused by various diseases such as diabetes or immune system disorders. There is also a high risk of fungal development with excess weight, excessive sweating of the feet, or chronic conditions affecting blood circulation.
In addition, a fungal infection can develop against a backdrop of inadequate nail care and failure to follow personal hygiene rules. Frequent visits to public places such as saunas, pools, and fitness clubs, as well as the use of shared items like manicure tools or towels, increase the risk of fungal transmission. Improper or low-quality footwear, especially tight or closed shoes, also contributes to creating a favorable environment for fungal proliferation, as the feet become damp and warm.
- Chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, kidney diseases)
- Circulation issues
- Excessive foot sweating
- Frequent visits to public places
- Poor nail care
- Use of shared underwear or towels
- Low-quality footwear
Common Related Pathologies
Nail fungal infection, also known as onychomycosis, can be associated with a number of other diseases and conditions that may exacerbate the course of the illness. One of the most common related pathologies is a fungal skin condition, such as dermatomycosis, which can manifest as itching, redness, and peeling. Poor hygiene, as well as the presence of cracks and microtraumas on the skin, can promote the penetration of microorganisms and the development of both bacterial and fungal infections.
In addition, nail fungal infections are often observed in patients with a weakened immune system, whether due to chronic diseases such as diabetes or from the use of immunosuppressive therapy. People with diabetes have an increased risk of developing fungal infections, including onychomycosis, due to poor blood circulation and changes in the skin’s moisture balance. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to a comprehensive approach to the treatment and prevention of fungal diseases.
- Dermatomycosis (fungal infections of the skin)
- Diathesis (skin allergic reactions)
- Nail dysplasia (changes in nail structure)
- Diabetes (weakened immunity)
- Fungal infections of the scalp
Expert Opinion
The fungal infection of the nails, or onychomycosis, is a common problem faced by many people. A dermatologist with many years of experience notes that early diagnosis and treatment are key factors in successful therapy. There are many types of fungi that can affect the nails, and each may require a specific treatment approach. Seeking medical help at the first symptoms will help avoid serious complications and long-term treatment.
According to the specialist, it is important to remember that accurate diagnosis begins with a visual examination and may require additional tests. The doctor emphasizes the need to follow hygiene rules, especially in public places such as pools or sports clubs, where the risk of infection significantly increases. Furthermore, treatment for fungus should be conducted under the supervision of a doctor to avoid self-medication and its negative consequences.
Treatment of Fungal Nail Infection
Treatment of fungal nail infections requires a comprehensive approach and may include both medication and non-medication therapies. First of all, it is important to get a professional consultation from a dermatologist who will conduct the necessary diagnostic procedures and confirm the presence of infection. Depending on the type and severity of the disease, the doctor may prescribe antifungal tablets (systemic medications) to eliminate the fungus from within the body, as well as topical agents — lacquers and creams that are applied directly to the affected nails.
In addition to medications, important aspects of treatment include maintaining hygiene standards and removing damaged areas of the nails. This may involve the use of special orthopedic instruments or performing manicure in medical settings. Effective supplements to therapy may include natural antiseptics, such as tea tree oil or propolis, but their use must be coordinated with the treating physician.
- Antifungal medications (systemic and topical)
- Removal of affected areas of the nails
- Hygienic procedures and maintaining cleanliness
- Use of natural antiseptics
- Physical therapy (if necessary)
Complications
Fungal nail infection, if not treated in a timely manner, can lead to numerous complications that significantly impair the patient’s quality of life. One of the most common complications is the development of a bacterial infection. This occurs when the fungal infection weakens the nail plate, allowing bacteria to penetrate deeply and cause inflammation. The infected area may become red, swollen, and painful to the touch.
Additionally, delayed treatment of fungal infection can lead to nail deformity and complete loss of the nail. This affects not only the appealing appearance but also the functional ability of the nail. In advanced cases, the infection may spread to neighboring fingers or even to the entire foot, complicating further treatment and requiring additional medical interventions.
Aside from physical complications, fungal nail infection can affect the psycho-emotional state of the patient, leading to decreased self-esteem, social isolation, and depression. A person may avoid public places where foot exposure is expected, negatively impacting their social life and overall mental stability.
- Bacterial infection;
- Nail deformity;
- Complete loss of the nail;
- Spread of infection to neighboring fingers;
- Psycho-emotional disorders.
FAQ
What are the main symptoms of nail fungus?
The main symptoms of fungal nail infection may include a change in the color of the nail plate, usually to a yellowish or brown shade, a decrease in the transparency of the nail, its thickening, and brittleness. In some cases, the nail may begin to crumble, and the skin around the nail becomes inflamed and itchy. Infected nails may also have an unpleasant odor and, in advanced cases, may even separate from the nail bed.
How is nail fungal infection transmitted?
Fungal nail infections are transmitted through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects, such as shoes, socks, towels, and floors in public places (swimming pools, saunas, and gyms). Infection can also occur when using shared manicure or pedicure tools if they have not been properly disinfected. Additionally, fungi can be transmitted from person to person, especially among people with weakened immune systems or those who have damaged nails or skin. Therefore, it is important to maintain personal hygiene and avoid contact with potentially contaminated items.
How long does the treatment for fungal nail infection last?
Treatment of fungal nail infection can take considerable time, usually from several months to a year, depending on the severity of the infection and the chosen treatment method. In most cases, a comprehensive approach is required, including the use of topical antifungal medications, oral antifungal agents, and adherence to hygiene measures. Regular check-ups with a doctor and monitoring of the response to treatment also play an important role, as the presence of chronic diseases or weakened immunity can slow down the healing process.
What precautions can help avoid fungal nail infections?
To avoid fungal nail infections, several simple but important precautionary measures should be taken. First, it is essential to maintain personal hygiene—regularly wash and thoroughly dry your feet, especially in the areas between your toes. Use breathable footwear and wear warm but not too tight socks to reduce sweating. Secondly, try to avoid wearing other people’s shoes and towels, as well as sharing personal hygiene items, since fungi can easily spread through contact with contaminated surfaces. Finally, in public places such as swimming pools and saunas, it is advisable to wear rubber footwear to lower the risk of infection. These measures will help minimize the likelihood of infection and keep your nails healthy.