Loss of smell: causes, symptoms, and treatment methods
About the Symptom
Loss of smell, or anosmia, is a condition in which a person loses the ability to recognize odors. This symptom can be temporary or permanent, and its causes are varied. Usually, loss of smell accompanies upper respiratory infections, such as influenza or COVID-19, when viruses affect the mucous membrane of the nose. Anosmia can also occur due to harmful influences, such as head injuries, nasal polyps, or allergic reactions.
It is important to note that loss of smell not only hinders the perception of the surrounding world but can also significantly affect a person’s quality of life. Odors play a key role in forming taste sensations, and their absence can lead to problems with appetite and even to depressive states. If you notice a sudden loss of smell, it is important to consult a doctor to determine the cause of this symptom and to prescribe the necessary treatment.
Diseases
Loss of smell, also known as anosmia, can be a consequence of various diseases affecting the olfactory pathways or the olfactory receptors themselves. One of the most well-known diseases that can cause this issue is COVID-19. Research shows that loss of smell can manifest as one of the first symptoms of the infection, which is important to consider when diagnosing the virus. However, loss of smell is not limited to infectious diseases—it can also be observed in upper respiratory tract diseases, chronic sinusitis, and even allergic reactions.
There are also other serious conditions that can lead to a deterioration or complete loss of olfactory function. For example, disorders of the nervous system, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, can negatively affect smell. Additionally, some tumors in the area of the nose or brain may exert pressure on the olfactory nerves, causing their dysfunction. It is important to remember that if you notice a loss of smell, you should consult a medical professional to diagnose possible causes.
- COVID-19
- Chronic sinusitis
- Allergic rhinitis
- Neurological diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease)
- Nasal or brain tumors
- Head injuries
- Acute respiratory viral infections
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of loss of smell (anosmia) is an important step in determining the cause of this symptom. An otolaryngologist, who specializes in diseases of the ear, throat, and nose, conducts a thorough examination of the patient. The first stage of diagnosis includes taking a medical history, where the specifics of the loss of smell, the presence of accompanying symptoms such as a runny nose or headache, as well as possible injuries or viral infections in the medical history are clarified.
After the initial assessment, additional diagnostic methods may be required. They help to more accurately determine the cause of the loss of smell and develop an effective treatment plan. The diagnostic services that may be offered to the patient include:
- Complete blood count;
- CT (computed tomography) of the sinuses;
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the brain;
- Olfactory tests;
- Endoscopy of the nasal passages;
- Allergy testing.
Thorough diagnosis allows not only to identify the sources of the problem but also to prevent its recurrence, providing the patient with the best chances of regaining their sense of smell.
Which doctor to contact
Loss of smell, also known as anosmia, can be a symptom of various diseases and conditions. If you are facing this problem, it is important to see a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment. You should start with a visit to a therapist, who will conduct an initial examination and ask necessary questions about your symptoms, medical history, and related conditions. Based on the information received, the doctor may refer you to a specialist for a more detailed study of the problem.
Depending on the cause of the loss of smell, you may need to consult various specialists. An otolaryngologist (ENT doctor) is the specialist who deals with diseases of the nose, throat, and ears and will be able to conduct a thorough diagnosis of the condition of the nasal passages and olfactory functions. In some cases, it may be necessary to consult a neurologist if the cause of the loss of smell is related to disorders in the nervous system. It is important not to ignore this symptom, as successful treatment often depends on timely diagnosis.
- Therapist
- Otolaryngologist (ENT)
- Neurologist
- Allergist
- Immunologist
Types of Loss of Smell
Loss of smell, or anosmia, can manifest in various forms and have different causes. Depending on the nature and degree of loss of olfactory functions, doctors distinguish several types of loss of smell. These include complete anosmia, where the sense of smell is entirely absent, and hyposmia — a partial loss of olfactory sensitivity, where a person can still perceive some smells, but not all. Thus, the types of loss of smell can vary significantly, which determines the approach to diagnosis and treatment.
There is also transient anosmia, observed in colds or allergic reactions, and permanent anosmia, which can be caused by more serious problems such as head injuries or neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the different types of loss of smell is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective therapy, helping patients regain the ability to perceive aromas and smells in life.
- Complete anosmia — absence of smell.
- Hyposmia — partial loss of smell.
- Transient anosmia — temporary loss of olfactory function.
- Hereditary anosmia — congenital form of loss of smell.
Causes of Loss of Smell
Loss of smell, or anosmia, can occur for a number of reasons, and understanding them is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment. One of the most common causes is an upper respiratory infection, such as a cold or flu, which can temporarily disrupt the functioning of olfactory receptors. It is also worth noting that COVID-19 has loss of smell as a symptom, which has heightened the relevance of this issue recently.
Other contributing factors include chronic inflammatory diseases such as rhinitis or sinusitis, which can lead to swelling of the nasal mucosa and block access to odors. In some cases, polyps, tumors, or trauma to the nose can be the cause of loss of smell. Age-related changes are also an important factor: in elderly individuals, the sense of smell often weakens due to natural degeneration of olfactory cells.
- Viral infections (flu, COVID-19)
- Chronic nasal disorders (sinusitis, rhinitis)
- Allergic reactions
- Polyps and tumors of the nose
- Nasal injuries
- Age-related changes
- Neurological diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease)
Common Related Pathologies
Loss of smell, or anosmia, can be associated with a number of diseases and conditions that affect the olfactory system. Sometimes it may be a temporary phenomenon caused by colds; however, there are also many serious pathologies that can lead to a persistent decrease or complete loss of smell. One such pathology is sinusitis, in which the mucous membranes of the nose and sinuses become inflamed, potentially blocking the access of odor molecules to the olfactory receptors.
Additionally, some neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, can also cause loss of smell. These diseases damage the neural network responsible for odor perception. It is important to note that in patients with COVID-19, loss of smell became one of the characteristic symptoms, leading to new research in this area.
- Allergic rhinitis
- Sinusitis
- Neurological diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease)
- Early stage of COVID-19
- Head or nose injuries
- Long-term use of certain medications
Expert Opinion
Loss of smell, or anosmia, is an important clinical symptom that can signal various diseases. Medical experts emphasize that this symptom can arise as a consequence of respiratory illnesses as well as from more serious pathologies, such as infectious diseases or neurological disorders. Given the wide range of possible causes, it is important to consult specialists immediately to determine the exact nature of the problem.
According to otolaryngologists, loss of smell requires a comprehensive approach to diagnosis. This may include not only a physical examination but also additional methods such as probing, MRI, and tests for the presence of viruses. If a viral nature of the problem is confirmed, such as COVID-19, the treatment will differ from that of more traditional influenza illnesses. Thus, early consultation with a doctor contributes to a quicker restoration of olfactory functions and a reduction in the risk of complications.
Treatment of Loss of Smell
The treatment of loss of smell depends on the cause that triggered this problem. In some cases, the sense of smell may recover on its own, especially if it concerns temporary illnesses such as a cold or viral infections. However, in other cases, more serious intervention may be required to restore the sense of smell. It is important to consult a doctor for diagnosis and to determine the appropriate treatment, which may include both medication and non-medication strategies.
Medication treatment may include corticosteroids to reduce inflammation in the nasal passages or antibiotics if the loss of smell is caused by a bacterial infection. Additionally, in some cases, special nasal sprays or saline rinses may be recommended to relieve mucosal swelling. Non-medication methods may involve aromatherapy using essential oils, which may help restore olfactory receptors.
- Corticosteroids
- Antibiotics
- Nasal sprays
- Saline nasal rinses
- Aromatherapy
Complications
The loss of smell, known in medical practice as anosmia, can have serious consequences for a person’s quality of life. One of the most significant complications is the emotional state of the patient. Deprived of the ability to perceive odors, a person may experience feelings of depression, isolation, and anxiety. These negative emotions can deepen, especially if the loss of smell is prolonged, and may lead to the need to consult a psychologist or psychotherapist.
Another important aspect is the impact on a person’s safe behavior. Smell is an important indicator of potential danger, such as the occurrence of smoke, gas leaks, or decomposing products. People with loss of smell may not recognize odors that warn of potential threats, which can lead to dangerous situations. Additionally, the loss of smell can affect the perception of food, which may lead to a decreased appetite and, ultimately, digestive disorders or even weight loss.
- Depression and anxiety disorders
- Increased risk of accidents due to lack of olfactory sensitivity
- Disruptions in eating behavior
- Social isolation
- Health problems related to lack of enjoyment from food
FAQ
What are the main causes of loss of smell and how to deal with them?
The main causes of loss of smell can include viral infections such as COVID-19 and influenza, allergic reactions, sinusitis, head or nose injuries, and age-related changes. Viral infections often lead to inflammation of the olfactory system, which can temporarily disrupt the perception of odors. It is important to consult a doctor for diagnosis and to determine the cause of the loss of smell. Depending on the cause, treatment may include medication therapy, the use of saline solutions for nasal irrigation, or in some cases, special exercises to train the sense of smell.
What to do if the loss of smell persists for more than a few weeks?
If the loss of smell persists for more than a few weeks, it is important to see a doctor for a comprehensive examination. Prolonged loss of smell may indicate more serious conditions, such as chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, or even neurological disorders. Your doctor may order the necessary diagnostic tests to determine the cause of the issue and prescribe appropriate treatment. Long-term changes in the senses should never be ignored, as timely assistance can prevent further complications and restore your quality of life.
How can you restore your sense of smell after losing it?
Loss of smell can be a temporary or permanent condition, and the restoration of the sense of smell depends on the cause of the loss. It is important to consult a doctor for diagnosis and to determine the appropriate treatment. Methods such as olfactory therapy, which includes regular smell training with various scents, are usually suggested, as well as the possible prescription of medications if inflammatory conditions of the nose are involved. An important step is also to eliminate any underlying conditions, whether it be allergies, infections, or nasal trauma, which can contribute to the improvement of smell.
How long can loss of smell last and when should you see a doctor?
Loss of smell can last from several days to several months, depending on the cause. If the loss of smell persists for more than two weeks, it may indicate a more serious problem, such as an infection, injury, or neurological disease. In such cases, it is recommended to consult a doctor for a full assessment of the condition and to prescribe necessary tests or treatment. The earlier a diagnosis is made, the higher the chances of restoring normal smell.