Loss of smell during infection: causes, symptoms, and treatment
About the Symptom
The loss of smell, or anosmia, is one of the most common symptoms associated with upper respiratory infections, including COVID-19. It can manifest either partially or completely, and is often accompanied by other symptoms such as a runny nose, cough, and sore throat. This phenomenon occurs as a result of inflammatory processes in the nasal passages that can block the olfactory receptors. It is important to note that loss of smell can occur not only with viral infections but also with bacterial and fungal diseases.
Anosmia can significantly impact a patient’s quality of life, as smell plays a key role in the perception of food and the surrounding world. Many people with a loss of smell find it difficult to enjoy food, and they may experience depression or anxiety due to their condition. If you suddenly notice a decline in your sense of smell, especially in combination with other infection symptoms, it is important to seek medical help. The specialists at our clinic can conduct the necessary examinations to determine the cause and offer appropriate treatment, which will help restore your olfactory perception and bring joy back to your life.
Diseases
The loss of smell, known as anosmia, can occur due to various infections that affect the upper respiratory tract. One of the most common diseases associated with the loss of smell is COVID-19. Studies show that about 30% of people with this virus experience temporary smell disturbances. This is because the virus can affect the olfactory neurons and the mucous membranes of the nose, making it difficult to perceive odors. It is important to note that the recovery of smell can take from a few days to several months after recovering from the infection.
In addition to COVID-19, loss of smell is also characteristic of other infectious diseases. For example, viral infections such as influenza and the common cold can temporarily block olfactory functions. Bacterial infections such as sinusitis can also lead to swelling of the nasal mucosa, making it difficult for olfactory receptors to function. If the loss of smell persists for a long time or is accompanied by other symptoms, it is advisable to consult a doctor for diagnosis and treatment.
- COVID-19
- Influenza
- Cold (ARVI)
- Sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses)
- Rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa)
- Viral infections (papillomavirus, adenovirus)
- Bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of loss of smell in infections involves a comprehensive approach that helps surgeons and otolaryngologists determine the causes of reduced or complete disappearance of the sense of smell. Initially, the doctor conducts a thorough history taking, including information about the symptoms, their duration, and probable causes. It is important to note that the loss of smell can manifest in different ways, including partial or complete lack of smell perception, as well as distortion of perceived aromas.
For a more detailed analysis of the patient’s condition, various examinations may be prescribed. This will allow for the exclusion or confirmation of the presence of upper respiratory infections, nerve damage, or other diseases that contribute to olfactory dysfunction. In addition, specific olfactory tests are used to assess the degree of smell perception impairment, which helps doctors accurately diagnose the cause and prescribe appropriate treatment.
- Complete blood count
- Audiological and olfactory diagnostics
- CT or MRI of the head and neck
- Testing for infections (viral and bacterial)
- Nasally endoscopic examination
- Olfactory tests (e.g., smell identification tests)
Which doctor to consult
The loss of smell during an infection can be a symptom of various diseases that require medical attention. Depending on the cause of the loss of smell, the patient should consult different specialists. First of all, if you are experiencing a loss of smell, it is necessary to visit a general practitioner who will conduct a primary examination and determine the direction of further diagnosis and treatment.
After the initial examination, you may be referred to an otolaryngologist (ENT) who specializes in diseases of the ears, nose, and throat. This specialist will be able to conduct a more detailed investigation of the respiratory organs and identify possible causes of the loss of smell, such as rhinitis, sinusitis, or other infectious processes. If the loss of smell is related to neurological problems, for example, with impairment of the olfactory nerves, a consultation with a neurologist may be required.
- General practitioner
- Otolaryngologist (ENT)
- Neurologist
- Allergist
- Infectious disease specialist
Types of Smell Loss in Infection
Loss of smell, or anosmia, can manifest in various forms depending on the type of viral or bacterial infection, as well as the individual characteristics of the patient. The most common types are complete anosmia, where the patient loses the ability to detect smells entirely, and hyposmia — a condition in which the level of smell perception is significantly reduced. In some cases, there is also parosmia — a distortion in the perception of smells, where familiar aromas start to associate with unpleasant or even repulsive sensations.
These changes can be a consequence of various upper respiratory infections, including viral infections such as influenza and COVID-19. The same factors that contribute to loss of smell may be caused by inflammatory processes accompanying infections that damage the olfactory nerves or the nasal mucosa, thereby reducing the body’s ability to recognize smells.
- Complete anosmia
- Hyposmia
- Parosmia
Causes of Loss of Smell in Infection
Loss of smell, or anosmia, can be caused by various infections that affect the upper respiratory tract. In particular, viral infections such as COVID-19, influenza, or acute viral respiratory infections often lead to the loss of the ability to perceive smells. Viruses can cause inflammation of the nasal mucosa, disrupting the normal function of olfactory receptors. As a result of this inflammatory process, the sense of smell may temporarily degrade or completely disappear.
Some bacterial infections, such as sinusitis, can also be a cause of loss of smell. Infection of the walls of the nasal passages and sinuses leads to the accumulation of mucus and inflammation, making it difficult for smells to reach the olfactory cells. More rare causes, such as fungal infections or allergic reactions, can also affect olfactory function. Therefore, it is important to monitor symptoms closely and consult a doctor for diagnosis and treatment if necessary.
- Viral infections (COVID-19, influenza, adenovirus)
- Bacterial infections (sinusitis, rhinitis)
- Fungal infections
- Allergic reactions
- Nasal or head injuries
Common Related Pathologies
The loss of smell, or anosmia, can be a symptom not only of a viral infection but also of many other diseases. Most often, this condition is associated with respiratory infections that lead to inflammation of the nasal passages and mucous membranes. Upper respiratory infections, such as rhinitis or sinusitis, can disrupt the normal function of the olfactory receptors, which in turn causes problems with the perception of smells.
In addition, anosmia may be associated with a range of other pathologies, such as nasal polyps, allergic rhinitis, and even more serious diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Research shows that early loss of smell can precede the onset of these diseases, serving as a marker of their development. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to changes in olfactory function and to consult medical professionals in a timely manner.
- Viral infections (ARI, flu)
- Bacterial infections (sinusitis, rhinitis)
- Nasal polyps
- Allergic rhinitis
- Neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease)
- Head injuries
- Chemical exposures (inhaled smoke, toxic substances)
Expert Opinion
According to the opinions of specialist doctors, the loss of smell (anosmia) is one of the significant symptoms accompanying many respiratory infections, including COVID-19. Infectious agents can affect the olfactory receptors, impairing their function and leading to a temporary or even permanent loss of the ability to perceive odors. It is important to note that the presence of this symptom does not always indicate an infectious disease, but its occurrence during an epidemic requires careful monitoring and medical intervention.
Experts recommend not to ignore the loss of smell but to seek help from specialists. Even if this condition was accompanied by mild symptoms of the illness, diagnosis and further monitoring can help avoid possible complications. Regular consultations with otolaryngologists and other medical workers can assist in adjusting treatment and ensuring the restoration of olfactory function.
Treatment of Loss of Smell Due to Infection
The treatment of loss of smell due to infection depends on the underlying cause that triggered this symptom. In most cases, loss of smell is a temporary phenomenon and may be caused by viral infections such as influenza or COVID-19. In respiratory infections, it is important to seek adequate medical attention, especially if the loss of smell is accompanied by other serious symptoms. In such cases, it is recommended to consult a doctor for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy.
An important step in treating loss of smell is restoring the normal functioning of the olfactory nerves. This may include physiotherapy, saline inhalations, or the use of specific medications. Additionally, it is essential to monitor overall health and support the immune system for quick recovery. In some cases, a consultation with an otolaryngologist may be necessary to determine the most effective treatment plan.
- Treatment of the underlying condition (viral or bacterial infection)
- Inhalations and nasal rinses with saline solutions
- Use of medications to reduce inflammation
- Physiotherapy to restore olfactory function
- Consultation with an otolaryngologist
Complications
The loss of smell, known as anosmia, can be not only an unpleasant symptom but also a sign of serious illnesses that may lead to complications if not treated. One of the main risks is the possibility of infectious diseases going unrecognized, such as COVID-19, which can lead to their spread among others. People suffering from the loss of smell often do not realize how contagious and dangerous they can be to others.
There is also the possibility that the recovery of smell may take a long period of time. In some patients, anosmia can develop into chronic conditions that require long-term treatment and rehabilitation. The presence of loss of smell can also contribute to a decline in quality of life, as many patients report a decrease in appetite, changes in taste preferences, and an increase in anxiety levels due to the loss of one of the primary sensory perceptions.
- Chronic upper respiratory infections
- Psycho-emotional disorders and anxiety states
- Deterioration of quality of life and adaptation in society
- Problems with food perception and decreased appetite
- Risk of spreading infectious diseases
FAQ
How long can the loss of smell last during an infection?
The duration of loss of smell during an infection can vary depending on the causes that triggered it and individual characteristics of the body. In most cases related to viral infections, such as COVID-19, loss of smell can last from a few days to several weeks. However, some patients report prolonged deterioration of smell, which can last for months or even a year. It is important to consult a doctor to assess the condition and obtain recommendations for recovery if the loss of smell persists for more than 4-6 weeks.
What are the main symptoms associated with loss of smell during an infection?
Loss of smell during an infection is often accompanied by a number of other symptoms, which can vary depending on the type of infection. The main ones may include a runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and headache. Patients with respiratory infections, such as influenza or COVID-19, may also experience symptoms of general weakness, elevated body temperature, and cough. In addition, some people may experience changes in taste perception or complete loss of it. It is important to pay attention to accompanying symptoms, as this can help the doctor in diagnosis and developing appropriate treatment.
What diagnostic methods help determine the cause of loss of smell during infection?
Methods for diagnosing loss of smell due to infection can vary depending on the suspected cause. Typically, a doctor begins with a clinical examination and history taking, asking questions about the duration and nature of the loss of smell, as well as accompanying symptoms. Further diagnostic procedures may include nasal endoscopy to check for inflammation or infection, functional tests to assess the functioning of olfactory receptors, and computed tomography (CT) to rule out structural anomalies in the nose and sinuses. Sometimes, laboratory tests may be required if an infectious or allergic nature of the issue is suspected.
What is the connection between the loss of smell and COVID-19?
Loss of smell has become one of the characteristic symptoms of COVID-19; however, it can also occur with other viral infections such as the flu or a cold. In the case of COVID-19, loss of smell may be sudden and with minimal other symptoms, sometimes even without the classic clinical picture – fever or cough. This makes the loss of smell an important signal for diagnosing coronavirus infection. According to research data based on the analysis of acid-base balance, the SARS-CoV-2 virus affects neuroepithelial cells, leading to changes in the functioning of the olfactory system. Therefore, if you notice a loss of smell, it is recommended to get tested for COVID-19 and consult a doctor for further diagnosis and treatment.