Uterine fibroids

Uterine fibroids: causes, symptoms, and modern treatment methods

Uterine fibroids: main facts and characteristics

Uterine fibroids, also known as uterine leiomyomas, are benign tumors that typically arise from the muscular tissue of the uterus. One of the main characteristics of fibroids is the presence of nodules or tumors in the uterine tissue, which can vary in size and location.

This pathology is generally found in women of reproductive age and can manifest various symptoms, including menstrual irregularities, painful sensations in the lower abdomen, and urological symptoms. The diagnosis of uterine fibroids includes ultrasound examinations, magnetic resonance imaging, as well as hysteroscopy for a more accurate determination of the tumor characteristics and the selection of the optimal treatment method.

Causes of uterine fibroids

Uterine fibroids, a chronic painful formation, typically arise from smooth muscle cells of the uterus and are the most common benign tumor formation in women. Although the exact causes of their occurrence are unclear, it is believed that genetic factors, hormonal imbalances, and the environment may contribute to their development. Hormonal changes, such as high levels of estrogens, also play a role in stimulating the growth of fibroids, although a complete understanding of the mechanisms still requires further research.

  • Genetic factors: Heredity can play an important role in the development of uterine fibroids, especially if there have been cases of this disease among family members.
  • Hormonal imbalances: Changes in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body can stimulate the growth of fibroids and contribute to their development.
  • Age: Women approaching menopause are at a higher risk of developing uterine fibroids due to changes in hormonal balance and tissue structure.
  • Lifestyle and nutrition: Diet, lifestyle, level of physical activity, and other environmental factors can influence the occurrence of fibroids.
  • Rational use of hormonal medications: Incorrect use or prolonged use of hormonal medications can lead to the emergence of uterine fibroids.

Main manifestations of uterine fibroids

Symptoms of uterine fibroids can vary depending on the size, number, and location of the tumor. Women with uterine fibroids may experience heavy and prolonged menstruation, painful menstrual bleeding, pain in the lower abdomen or back. Additionally, patients with uterine fibroids may experience a feeling of pressure in the pelvis, frequent urination, or constipation, especially if the tumor exerts pressure on nearby organs.

  • Menstrual disorders: women with uterine fibroids often experience heavy bleeding and prolonged menstruation.
  • Lower abdominal pain: some patients may feel discomfort and pain in the lower abdomen, especially during menstruation.
  • Feeling of pressure in the pelvis: some women with uterine fibroids may experience a feeling of pressure, discomfort, or tension in the pelvic area.
  • Frequent urination: the tumor may put pressure on the bladder, leading to the need for frequent trips to the bathroom for urination.
  • Constipation: if the uterine fibroid exerts pressure on the intestine, women may have difficulty passing stools, which can lead to constipation.

The best approaches to treating uterine fibroids: expert opinions

Experts in the field of gynecology agree that the choice of the treatment method for uterine fibroids should be individualized and determined based on the patient’s age, her reproductive plans, the size of the tumor, symptoms, and other factors. Conservative methods, such as medication or monitoring, may be recommended for women with small and symptomatic fibroids, while surgery may be necessary for larger tumors or severe symptoms.

Among the main approaches to treating uterine fibroids, researchers identify hormone therapy, myomectomy, endometrial ablation, laparoscopic and abdominal myomectomy, laparoscopic hysterectomy, and radiofrequency ablation. Each of these methods has its advantages and limitations, and the decision on the chosen approach should be made after careful discussion with the patient, considering her individual characteristics and preferences.

Methods of diagnosing uterine fibroids

Various methods are used for the diagnosis of uterine fibroids, including ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT). Ultrasound is the primary screening method that allows for determining the size, number, and location of tumors in the uterus. MRI and CT can be applied for a more detailed and accurate study of the tumors, especially in cases where ultrasound proves insufficient.

Additional diagnostic methods may include hysteroscopy, endometrial biopsy, and laparoscopy. Hysteroscopy allows for the direct visualization of the uterine cavity, which helps identify the presence of tumors and other pathologies. Endometrial biopsy may be used to rule out other possible causes of symptoms, while laparoscopy can be performed to assess external signs of fibroids and their impact on surrounding organs.

  • Ultrasound examination: The main method of diagnosing uterine fibroids, allowing for the determination of the size, quantity, and location of tumors in the uterus.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Used for a more detailed and accurate study of tumors, especially in cases where ultrasound examination proves insufficient.
  • Computed tomography (CT): Also used for additional visualization and study of tumors in the uterus.
  • Hysteroscopy: Allows for the direct visualization of the uterine cavity and the detection of tumors and other pathologies.
  • Endometrial biopsy: A method that can be used to rule out other possible causes of symptoms and establish an accurate diagnosis.

Modern approaches to the treatment of uterine fibroids

Modern approaches to the treatment of uterine fibroids include conservative methods, such as medication therapy using hormonal drugs that can help control symptoms and slow tumor growth. For women suffering from fibroids with pronounced symptoms or if the tumor leads to complications, surgical intervention may be required. Surgical methods, such as myomectomy, hysterectomy, or endovascular embolization, can be used to remove tumors or stop bleeding, preventing further progression of the disease.

In some cases, modern treatment methods include the use of innovative technologies such as magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound therapy (MRgFUS) or radiofrequency energy, which can allow for the required treatment without the need for surgical intervention. These methods are becoming increasingly available and may represent an effective alternative for patients seeking less invasive ways to treat uterine fibroids.

  • Drug therapy: hormonal medications are used to reduce the symptoms of fibroids and control tumor growth.
  • Surgical intervention: myomectomy, hysterectomy, and other surgeries may be recommended in cases where removal of tumors or elimination of complications is required.
  • Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound therapy (MRgFUS): an innovative method that allows treatment of fibroids without surgical intervention.
  • Radiofrequency energy: another modern approach that may be effective in treating uterine fibroids.
  • Endovascular embolization: a procedure aimed at blocking the blood supply to the tumor and its subsequent reduction.

Prevention measures for uterine fibroids

The prevention of uterine fibroids includes a number of general strategies for maintaining women’s health, including regular check-ups with a gynecologist, maintaining a normal weight, and a healthy lifestyle. Regular medical examinations allow for the early detection of the condition of the reproductive organs and the initiation of appropriate treatment. A balanced diet, physical activity, and stress management are also considered important aspects of uterine fibroid prevention.

Particular attention should be paid to hormone balance control and avoiding risk factors, such as prolonged use of hormonal medications or uncontrolled intake of vitamin supplements. Effective management of lifestyle-related risk factors can reduce the likelihood of developing uterine fibroids and contribute to maintaining a woman’s health in the long term.

  • Regular check-ups with a gynecologist: Conducting regular examinations helps to identify the condition of the reproductive system organs at early stages and to start treatment in a timely manner if necessary.
  • Maintaining a healthy weight: Excess weight can increase the risk of developing uterine fibroids, so maintaining a healthy weight through proper nutrition and physical activity is important for disease prevention.
  • Healthy lifestyle: Leading a healthy lifestyle, including proper nutrition, moderate physical activity, and avoiding harmful habits, can reduce the risk of developing uterine fibroids.
  • Monitoring hormonal balance: Regular consultations with a doctor and monitoring hormonal levels can help prevent the development of hormonal disorders that contribute to the occurrence of fibroids.
  • Avoiding risk factors: Uncontrolled intake of vitamin supplements, prolonged use of hormonal medications, and other risk factors should be avoided to decrease the likelihood of developing uterine fibroids.

Unusual aspects of uterine fibroids

Uterine fibroids, although most often a benign tumor, can have potentially diverse manifestations and affect a woman’s vital functions. Some cases of uterine fibroids may lead to difficulties with conception and pregnancy, including an increased risk of miscarriage or complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Additionally, large tumors can cause pressure on neighboring organs, such as the bladder or intestines, leading to discomfort and dysfunction.

An additional interesting aspect of uterine fibroids is their connection to hormonal changes, particularly estrogen levels. Estrogens can stimulate tumor growth, and therefore, regulating hormonal balance and the impact on estrogen receptors in the tissues of the uterus may play an important role in the treatment and prevention of the disease.

FAQ